Discover the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long in Hanoi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site with 1,000 years of history, royal palaces, war bunkers, and archaeological treasures.
The Imperial Citadel of Thang Long (Hoàng Thành Thăng Long) is one of Vietnam’s most treasured cultural and historical landmarks. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2010, the citadel embodies over a thousand years of dynastic history, cultural traditions, and political power. Nestled in the bustling center of Hanoi, this sprawling complex is a must-visit destination for travelers eager to uncover Vietnam’s royal heritage and explore the layers of history that shaped the nation.
Location of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long

The citadel is located in Ba Đình District, Hanoi, just a short walk from Ba Đình Square, the Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, and the Presidential Palace. Its central location makes it easy to combine with other top attractions in the city. For many visitors, the Imperial Citadel is not just a historic site but also a gateway to understanding the capital’s role as the heart of Vietnam for centuries.
Whether you are strolling through the ancient gates or admiring the preserved palaces, the citadel offers a calm retreat from the hustle of modern Hanoi while still being right in the middle of the city.
History of the Citadel

The history of the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long stretches back over 1,300 years. Originally built in the 11th century during the Lý Dynasty, the citadel served as the political and cultural center of Vietnam through successive dynasties including the Trần, Lê, and Nguyễn.
The site itself, however, predates the 11th century. Archaeological discoveries reveal traces of a fortified city dating back to the 7th century under Chinese Tang rule, as well as structures from the Đại La Citadel built in the 9th century. When King Lý Thái Tổ established Hanoi (then called Thang Long, or “Ascending Dragon”) as the capital in 1010, the citadel became the epicenter of imperial rule.
Over time, the complex was expanded and rebuilt, blending Vietnamese, Chinese, and later French colonial architectural influences. During the 20th century, the site was repurposed as a military command center, playing a strategic role during the Vietnam War. Today, visitors can explore its layered history, where ancient dynasties, colonial rule, and modern struggles converge in one site.
Best Time to Visit

The best time to visit the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long is between October and April, when Hanoi experiences cool, pleasant weather.
- Autumn (October–November): Arguably the best time, with blue skies, mild temperatures, and golden leaves adding charm to the site.
- Spring (March–April): Comfortable weather, colorful blossoms, and a festive atmosphere around Tet (Vietnamese New Year).
- Summer (May–September): Hot and humid, often with sudden rains, but the citadel remains open for those who don’t mind the tropical climate.
Tip: Visit in the morning for fewer crowds and softer lighting for photography, or in the late afternoon to enjoy cooler breezes as the sun sets behind the ancient walls.
What to See at the Imperial Citadel
Exploring the Imperial Citadel is like walking through a living museum. Key highlights include:
- Đoan Môn Gate
Imperial Citadel of Thang Long- UNESCO World Heritage Site The majestic southern gate served as the main entrance to the royal citadel. Its impressive architecture symbolizes the grandeur of Vietnam’s dynasties.
- Kính Thiên Palace (Dragon Steps)
Imperial Citadel of Thang Long – Kinh Thien (Dragon Steps) Though only the foundation and steps remain, this palace was once the ceremonial center of imperial power. Standing on the “Dragon Steps,” you can imagine the emperors conducting important rituals centuries ago.
- Hậu Lâu (Princess’ Residence)
Built in the 19th century during the Nguyễn Dynasty and later modified by the French, this building housed royal women. It blends Vietnamese and French architecture, reflecting the site’s layered history. - D67 House and Bunker
A fascinating relic from the Vietnam War era, this structure served as the military command headquarters from 1954 to 1975. Visitors can see war maps, command tables, and a bunker system beneath the building. - Archaeological Site at 18 Hoàng Diệu Street
Imperial Citadel of Thang Long- UNESCO World Heritage Site Just across from the main citadel, this excavation site reveals foundations, wells, ceramics, and relics dating back to the Lý, Trần, and Lê dynasties. It’s one of the most important archaeological discoveries in Vietnam, offering insight into over a millennium of history.
- Flag Tower of Hanoi

Built in 1812, the 33-meter-tall Flag Tower is one of Hanoi’s most iconic symbols. Its red flag with a golden star proudly flies over the city, representing resilience and national pride.
>> People read also the complete Hanoi travel guide.
Why Visit the Imperial Citadel of Thang Long?

The Imperial Citadel is more than a historical attraction—it is a journey through Vietnam’s identity. Few places in Hanoi capture such a wide timeline of the country’s past: from ancient imperial courts to colonial transitions, and finally to modern-day independence.
Visitors leave with not only an appreciation of Vietnamese architecture and culture but also a deeper understanding of how Hanoi has stood at the crossroads of history for centuries.
For history lovers, cultural explorers, and curious travelers, the citadel is a must-see. Its tranquil courtyards, historic relics, and evocative ruins make it one of the most rewarding cultural stops in the capital.
Travel Tips

- Opening hours: 8:00 AM – 5:00 PM (closed on Mondays).
- Entrance fee: Around 50,000 – 100,000 VND, updated 1 January 2025 (approx. $2–4 USD).
- Guided tours: Available in Vietnamese and English, highly recommended for deeper insights.
- Nearby attractions: Ho Chi Minh Mausoleum, One Pillar Pagoda, Temple of Literature.
Conclusion
The Imperial Citadel of Thang Long is not only a UNESCO World Heritage Site but also a symbol of Hanoi’s resilience, culture, and history. From its thousand-year-old palaces and gates to wartime bunkers and archaeological treasures, the citadel stands as a bridge connecting Vietnam’s past and present.
When in Hanoi, make sure to set aside a few hours to explore this remarkable complex—you’ll walk away with a richer appreciation of Vietnam’s fascinating story.